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Article Study on Stream Ability for. Self Purification Process in Receiving Domestic Wastewater. Secularism Wikipedia. Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries the attainment of such is termed secularity. One manifestation of secularism is asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings, or, in a state declared to be neutral on matters of belief, from the imposition by government of religion or religious practices upon its people. Notes 1 Another manifestation of secularism is the view that public activities and decisions, especially political ones, should be uninfluenced by religious beliefs or practices. Notes 2Secularism draws its intellectual roots from Greek and Roman philosophers such as Epicurus and Marcus Aurelius from Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Baruch Spinoza, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine and from more recent freethinkers and atheists such as Robert Ingersoll, Bertrand Russell, and Christopher Hitchens. The purposes and arguments in support of secularism vary widely. In European laicism, it has been argued that secularism is a movement toward modernization, and away from traditional religious values also known as secularization. This type of secularism, on a social or philosophical level, has often occurred while maintaining an official state church or other state support of religion. In the United States, some argue that state secularism has served to a greater extent to protect religion and the religious from governmental interference, while secularism on a social level is less prevalent. Overviewedit. The Italian law professor Alberico Gentili 1. Roman Catholic theology. The term secularism was first used by the British writer George Jacob Holyoake in 1. Although the term was new, the general notions of freethought on which it was based had existed throughout history. Holyoake invented the term secularism to describe his views of promoting a social order separate from religion, without actively dismissing or criticizing religious belief. An agnostic himself, Holyoake argued that Secularism is not an argument against Christianity, it is one independent of it. It does not question the pretensions of Christianity it advances others. Secularism does not say there is no light or guidance elsewhere, but maintains that there is light and guidance in secular truth, whose conditions and sanctions exist independently, and act forever. Secular knowledge is manifestly that kind of knowledge which is founded in this life, which relates to the conduct of this life, conduces to the welfare of this life, and is capable of being tested by the experience of this life. Barry Kosmin of the Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture breaks modern secularism into two types hard and soft secularism. According to Kosmin, the hard secularist considers religious propositions to be epistemologically illegitimate, warranted by neither reason nor experience. However, in the view of soft secularism, the attainment of absolute truth was impossible and therefore skepticism and tolerance should be the principle and overriding values in the discussion of science and religion. State secularismeditIn political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government often termed the separation of church and state. This can refer to reducing ties between a government and a state religion, replacing laws based on scripture such as Halakha, Dominionism, and Sharia law with civil laws, and eliminating discrimination on the basis of religion. This is said to add to democracy by protecting the rights of religious minorities. Other scholars, such as Jacques Berlinerblau of the Program for Jewish Civilization at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, have argued that the separation of church and state is but one possible strategy to be deployed by secular governments. What all secular governments, from the democratic to the authoritarian, share is a concern about the relationship between the church and the state. Each secular government may find its own unique policy prescriptions for dealing with that concern separation being one of those possible policies French models, in which the state carefully monitors and regulates the church, being another. Maharaja Ranjeet Singh of the Sikh empire of the first half of the 1. Punjab. This secular rule respected members of all races and religions and it allowed them to participate without discrimination in Ranjeet Singhs darbar and he had Sikh, Muslim and Hindu representatives heading the darbar. Ranjit Singh also extensively funded education, religion, and arts of various different religions and languages. Secularism is most often associated with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe and it plays a major role in Western society. The principles, but not necessarily the practices, of separation of church and state in the United States and Lacit in France draw heavily on secularism. Secular states also existed in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages see Islam and secularism. Due in part to the belief in the separation of church and state, secularists tend to prefer that politicians make decisions for secular rather than religious reasons. In this respect, policy decisions pertaining to topics like abortion, contraception, embryonic stem cell research, same sex marriage, and sex education are prominently focused upon by American secularist organizations such as the Center for Inquiry. Some Christian fundamentalists notably in the United States oppose secularism, often claiming that there is a radical secularist ideology being adopted in our current day and they see secularism as a threat to Christian rights1. The most significant forces of religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world are Christian fundamentalism and Islamic fundamentalism. At the same time, one significant stream of secularism has come from religious minorities who see governmental and political secularism as integral to the preservation of equal rights. Some of the well known states that are often considered constitutionally secular are the United States,1. France,2. 0Mexico2. South Korea, and Turkey although none of these nations have identical forms of governance with respect to religion. Secular societyeditIn studies of religion, modern democracies are generally recognized as secular. This is due to the near complete freedom of religion beliefs on religion generally are not subject to legal or social sanctions, and the lack of authority of religious leaders over political decisions. Nevertheless, religious beliefs are widely considered by many peoplereligious beliefs are widely considered by many peopleweasel words to be a relevant part of the political discourse in many of these countries most notably, in the United States. This contrasts with other developed nations, such as United Kingdom, France, and China, where religious references are generally consideredare generally consideredweasel words out of place in mainstream politics. The aspirations of a secular society could characterize a society as one which Refuses to commit itself as a whole to any supernatural views of the nature of the universe, or the role of mankind in it. Is not homogeneous, but is pluralistic. Is very tolerant of religious diversity. It widens the sphere of private decision making. While every society must have some common aims, which implies there must be agreed upon methods of problem solving, and a common framework of law in a secular society these are as limited as possible. Problem solving is approached rationally, through examination of the facts. While the secular society does not set any overall aim, it helps its members realize their shared aims. Is a society without any official images.