Income inequality and health A causal review. There is a very large literature examining income inequality in relation to health. Early reviews came to different interpretations of the evidence, though a large majority of studies reported that health tended to be worse in more unequal societies. More recent studies, not included in those reviews, provide substantial new evidence. Our purpose in this paper is to assess whether or not wider income differences play a causal role leading to worse health. We conducted a literature review within an epidemiological causal framework and inferred the likelihood of a causal relationship between income inequality and health including violence by considering the evidence as a whole. Castlevania Adventure Rebirth Link on this page. The body of evidence strongly suggests that income inequality affects population health and wellbeing. The major causal criteria of temporality, biological plausibility, consistency and lack of alternative explanations are well supported. Of the small minority of studies which find no association, most can be explained by income inequality being measured at an inappropriate scale, the inclusion of mediating variables as controls, the use of subjective rather than objective measures of health, or follow up periods which are too short. The evidence that large income differences have damaging health and social consequences is strong and in most countries inequality is increasing. Narrowing the gap will improve the health and wellbeing of populations. Gordis Epidemiology Pdf' title='Gordis Epidemiology Pdf' />Postdoctoral Fellows. The Department welcomes individuals who have completed doctoral degrees to one or twoyear affiliations. Postdoctoral fellows PDFs identify a. Confounding in Epidemiology Mona Baumgarten Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland and Chris Olsen. An error occurred while setting your user cookie. Please set your. browser to accept cookies to continue. NEJM. org uses cookies to improve performance by remembering your. ID when you navigate from page to page. I/51TA9HGAXEL.jpg' alt='Gordis Epidemiology Pdf' title='Gordis Epidemiology Pdf' />This cookie stores just a. ID no other information is captured. Accepting the NEJM cookie is.